全体ストーリー

  • N14における断片化に沿った階層構造形成、G45、W33、W39におけるHFSを丸ごと覆うような階層構造 ⇒ 自己重力収縮による階層形成

  • W49、W51などにおける、PV図におけるブリッジ構造や、N35などにおける、速度勾配に沿った階層構造 ⇒ CCCによる階層形成

  • isolatedよりtrunkの方がサイズや質量が大きく、ビリアルパラメータが小さい ⇒ より大規模に成長し重力収縮も強い分子雲が内部に階層を形成し、大質量星を多数形成できる

  • isolatedとleafはサイズが同じだが、leafの方が質量が大きく、ビリアルパラメータが小さい ⇒ 強い自己重力により、外側の全体構造からガスを供給したりお互いに衝突・合体など相互作用してガスを供給し成長

  • 密度はtrunkよりisolated、isolatedよりleafの方が大きい ⇒ 大質量星を生み出すような分子雲は内部で断片化(階層化)が進んでいる

  • isolatedとleafの間でSFR ∝ YSO内包数に有意差はなく、物理量に対するYSO内包数・内包確率も変わらない ⇒ 低質量星を形成できるかどうか、その後の形成個数は階層の有無で変わらない

  • isolatedとleafの間で、物理量に対するHi-GAL clump内包確率は変わらない ⇒ 大質量星を形成できるかどうかは階層の有無で変わらない

  • isolatedよりもleafの方がHi-GAL clump内包数が有意に大きく、特に高サイズ・高質量・低ビリアルパラメータな範囲では同じ物理量でもleafの方がisolatedより内包数が大きい ⇒ leafはisolatedよりも多くのclumpを保持しているのにもかかわらず、isolatedと同じくらいのガスを残している

  • 数10 pcスケールのガス構造の自己重力による収縮や衝突などで、高質量かつ自己重力の強いガス構造が生まれ、それらは断片化することで内部構造を生み出す

  • 高密度な内部構造は外部からの継続的なガス降着やお互いの衝突・合体などの相互作用で多数のガスを蓄えることができ、多数の大質量星(クランプ)を生み出せる

  • 階層を持たない雲構造は大質量星(クランプ)を小数生み出すことはできてもそれでガスが枯渇してしまう

  • 階層があろうかなかろうが、低質量星は同じ個数だけ生み出すことはできる

イントロストーリー

第一段落

大質量星の形成過程が謎
観測的にはフィラメント、HFS、CCCとかいろいろ

第二段落

理論的なGHCモデル
上記の観測的現象を理論的に解釈できる可能性

第三段落

dendrogramを用いれば階層構造を抽出可、実際に観測的検証あり

だがそれらは

  • dendrogramで実際に抽出された階層構造と観測的現象との関連の検証には踏み込んでない
  • 個別のケーススタディに留まる

    より包括的に、観測的現象との関連の検証や物理量の統計的調査が必要

第四段落

  • dendrogramで階層的に抽出した階層構造と観測的現象との関連をマッピングにより検証
  • 物理量を統計的に評価し、モデル通りのガスの動きをトレースしてるか調べる
  • それらを包括的にやります

bibliography memo

Introduction

Andre+14(filament概説レビュー)
Myers 09(様々なHFS領域を概観、レビューみたいなノリ)
Kumar+20(同上)
Fukui+21(CCC概説レビュー)
Vazquez-Semadeni+2019(GHC概説レビュー)
Shen+2024(GHCの観測的検証)
He+2026(同上)

Result

Dewangan+20(N14)
Liu+21(W33)
Fujita+19(W51)
Torii+18(N35)

Discussion

Kirk+13(フィラメントへの降着と内部の断片化)

The multiple molecular emission lines observed in our Mopra survey allow us to infer the possible presence of an accretion flow from the filament onto the central cluster (if the filament is in front of the cluster), and additionally we find that material continues to be accreted onto the filament.

Hacar+13(同上)

Core formation in L1495/B213 has proceeded by hierarchical fragmentation. The cloud fragmented first into several pc-scale regions. Each of these regions later fragmented into velocity-coherent filaments of about 0.5 pc in length.

Palmeirim+13(同上)

The results presented in this paper reveal the density and temperature structure of the Taurus B211 filament with unprecedented detail. The shape of the column density profile derived for the B211 filament, with a well-defined power-law regime at large radii (see Fig. 5a), and the high column density contrast over the surrounding background (a factor ~10–20, implying a density contrast ~100–400) strongly suggest that the main filament has undergone gravitational contraction. This is also consistent with the supercritical mass per unit length measured for the B211 filament (Mline ≈ 54 M⊙/pc), which suggests that the filament is unstable to both radial contraction and fragmentation into cores (e.g., Inutsuka & Miyama 1997; Pon et al. 2011). Observations confirm that the B211 filament has indeed fragmented, leading to the formation of several prestellar cores (e.g., Onishi et al. 2002) and protostars (e.g., Motte & André 2001; Rebull et al. 2010) along its length.

Myers 09(重力崩壊によるHFS形成とハブへのinfall)

These results suggest that HFS associated with young stellar groups may arise from compression of clumpy gas in molecular clouds.

Peretto+13(同上)

To illustrate some of the expected signatures of globally collapsing clouds we present, in Fig. 8 a snapshot of a published MHD simulation modelling the evolution of a turbulent and magnetized 10 000 M⊙ cloud, that was initially designed to reproduce some of the observational signatures of the DR21 region (Schneider et al. 2010,see Appendix C for more details on the simulation). Overall, this simulation shows some similarities with SDC335, i.e. massive cores in the centre, the formation of filaments converging towards these cores, and a velocity field resembling the one observed in SDC335 (see Fig. 4c).

Gomez & Vazquez-Semadeni 14(同上)

The filaments are not in equilibrium at any time, but instead are long-lived flow features through which the gas flows from the cloud to the clumps. The filaments are long-lived because they accrete from their environment while simultaneously accreting onto the clumps within them; they are essentially the locus where the flow changes from accreting in two dimensions to accreting in one dimension.

Wang+20(同上)

Our findings favor the multiscale gravitational collapse cloud model in Gómez & Vázquez-Semadeni (2014). In this model, a super-Jeans cloud forms from colliding flows and rapidly begins to undergo gravitational collapse. The collapse soon becomes nearly pressureless, proceeding along its shortest dimension, and forms filamentary substructures. The resulting filaments are not in a static equilibrium but are long-lived flow structures that accumulate ambient gas from their environment and direct it toward the major gravitational potential well (hub center).

Takahira+14(CCCによる階層形成とコア合体)

It is therefore likely that cores grow by both accretion and mergers with other neighboring cores, with accretion playing the most dominant role.

Takahira+18(同上)

We show an example of dense core formation by fragmentation in more denser filaments and core merging in the middle and left-hand panels of figure 3.

Sakre+21(同上)

The mass growth of any given dense core is a combination of the accretion of surrounding gas and mergers with other dense cores.

Lada 92(高密度ガスプロパティとYSO形成率の関連)

…star formation does not occur uniformly throughout the dense gas and is strongly favored in a few very massive (M > 200 M☉) dense cores, where efficient conversion of molecular gas into stars has resulted in the production of rich stellar clusters…

Lada+10(同上)

The results of our paper together with previous studies such as those of Lada (1992), Lada et al. (1996), Gao & Solomon (2004), Wu et al. (2005, 2010), etc., strongly indicate that it is primarily the dense gas component (i.e., n(H2) ≳ 104 cm−3) of molecular clouds that actively participates in star formation.

Gao & Solomon 04(同上)

The global star formation efficiency depends on the fraction of the molecular gas in a dense phase.

Wu+05(同上)

Once it is clear that it is the dense gas mass that indicates the star formation rate, it becomes clear why the total surface density of gas may not be a clean star formation indicator.

Wu+10(同上)

In this case, the star formation rate in starburst galaxies depends on the total mass of gas above the threshold density or surface density needed for massive star formation, rather than on a local, nonlinear form of the Schmidt law.

参考

PASJ:投稿の手引き

observation analysis paper d1

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